Does it confuse the
children when they have to learn Chinese and English at
the same time? Will learning English interfere their acquisition
of Chinese?
Not at all. Many case studies on bilingual children have
shown that children are capable of acquiring two languages
at the same time. A most recent research at University of
Massachusetts in Dartmouth shows that very young children
can learn at least four languages at the same time without
affecting their ability to speak all of them perfectly.
If a child is born in a bilingual family (e.g., the father
is Chinese-speaking and the mother is English-speaking),
the child is exposed to two languages at the same time.
In the beginning he may appear a bit slower than a monolingual
child in acquiring the native language. But very soon he
will catch up and become bilingual if he continues to receive
consistent input of both languages.
In fact, this is even less a concern for Chinese children
learning English since they acquire Chinese naturally in
everyday life and receive formal Chinese instruction at
school at the same time. To them, Chinese will always be
the dominant language and learning English will never interfere
their learning of Chinese. Research has shown that many
skills in the first language can be transferred to the foreign
language. For example, if a child has developed strong reading
skills in Chinese, he is likely to be able to apply these
skills when reading English. Therefore, a good foundation
in Chinese helps rather than hampers the learning of English.
How is learning a foreign language different from learning
one's native language?
Generally speaking, you learn a foreign language much later
than you learn your native language. This can give you some
advantages. First, you already have experience as a language
learner and that you are cognitively more mature. Secondly,
you have developed a greater knowledge about the people
and the world. This will help you in understanding the meaning
of unfamiliar words and concepts in the new language. On
the other hand, since this is a foreign language, you don't
have an English language environment as rich as Chinese.
This puts you at a disadvantage, as you don't get to hear
it or use it all the time. You also don't get the best teachers
like your parents and other family members in learning your
native language. They generally give you endless time and
patience in the language acquisition process, and they also
provide you with a rich and perfect language input that
you need. In short, as a foreign language learner, you have
the cognitive advantage, but you cannot acquire English
naturally the way you acquire Chinese and you have to look
for learning opportunities and make an effort to learn English.
Is English an easy language to learn?
Whether English is easy or not is relative. One thing is
for sure English is more difficult to Chinese children than
to those in Europe or Latin America. This is because English
is much more different from Chinese than German, Italian,
or Spanish. According to findings of many contrastive studies,
English posses certain syntactic features that prove to
be difficult for Chinese learners. For example, in Chinese
there is no such thing as verb inflection (e.g., see, sees,
saw, seen, seeing), tense (present and past tenses) and
aspect (progressive and perfective aspects), subject-predicate
agreement (e.g., I am, she is, they are), articles (e.g.,
the, a, an), and so on. However, whether or not English
is easy or difficult also depends on individual learners.
Some find English relatively easy while others find it very
hard to learn. Generally speaking, if you have high motivation
and interest in learning English, enroll in a good language
school (ideally that school has one or two native English-speaking
teachers), find a few equally motivated learning partners,
develop good learning habits, and persist in learning. You
are almost certain to learn English well.
译文:
问:孩子同时学习汉语和英语,会混淆吗?学习英语会影响他们学习汉语吗?
答:一点也不影响。许多对双语儿童的研究表明,孩子完全有能力同时学习两种语言。马萨诸塞大学最新的一项调查表明,小孩子可以同时学习四种语言,而每一种语言都可以说得很流利。
如果一个孩子生在一个双语的家庭(例如父亲讲汉语,母亲讲英语),孩子就可以掌握两门语言。最开始的时候,他可能会比只学母语的孩子来得慢一点,但是很快地,他就会赶上来。如果他始终处于双语的环境下,最终一定会掌握这两门语言。
事实上,对于中国孩子,完全不必担心学习英语会影响他们的汉语。因为他们在日常生活中自然地获得汉语,同时又在学校接受正规的汉语教育。对于他们来说,汉语永远是占支配地位的语言,而学习英语永远不会干扰到他们的汉语学习。研究表明,任何在母语中获得的技能都会转化为外语的技能。例如,如果一个孩子有很高的汉语阅读能力,他很有可能在英语阅读方面同样具备很强的能力。因此,良好的汉语基础将帮助而不是影响英语的学习。
问:学习外语和学习母语有什么不同?
答:总的说来,学习外语通常是晚于学习母语的。这会给你带来一些优势。首先,作为一个语言的学习者,你已经有了一定的学习经历,这样你在认知上就会变得更为成熟。其次,你已经对人类和世界有了很深的了解,这会帮助你理解新单词在新一种语言里的含义和概念。另一方面,因为这是一门外语,你不会有像汉语一样丰富的语言环境,这会成为你学习的劣势,因为你不经常听到或使用这种语言。你也不会有像你学习母语时你父母或其他家庭成员那么好的语言老师——他们不仅给你充足的时间和耐心,也为你提供了你所需要的丰富的、精辟的语言。总之,作为一个外语学习者,你在智力上占优势,但是你不可能像掌握汉语那样自然地掌握英语,因此你必须寻找学习的机会努力学习。
问:英语容易学吗?
答:英语是否容易学是相对的。但有一件事是肯定的,那就是相对于那些欧洲或拉丁美洲国家的孩子来说,中国孩子学起英语来更难一些。这是因为英语与汉语的差别比英语与德语、意大利语及西班牙语的差别要大许多。许多相对论的研究发现,英语里面包含的一些句法特点对于中国人来说很难。例如,在汉语中,没有像动词形式的变化、时态、语态、主谓一致、冠词等等这样的现象。不过,英语的难易与否还取决于个体的学习者。有人认为英语相对简单,但有人却觉得它非常难。总的来说,如果你非常想学习英语,一定要找一个好的语言学校(比较理想的是这个学校里有一两位外籍教师),找一些与你的英语水平相当的同伴,养成良好的学习习惯,并持之以恒。这样的话,你就肯定能学好英语了。
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